Hepatitis B: A Comprehensive Guide
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It primarily affects the liver, leading to both acute and chronic conditions. While vaccination has significantly reduced its prevalence in many parts of the world, hepatitis B remains a global health concern due to its potential to cause long-term complications, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. This guide explores the causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and other critical aspects of hepatitis B.
What is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. It is highly contagious and spreads through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. HBV can cause:
- Acute Hepatitis B: A short-term illness that occurs within six months of exposure.
- Chronic Hepatitis B: A long-term infection that persists for six months or more and may lead to severe liver damage.
Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis B
Symptoms of hepatitis B can vary depending on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Some people, particularly children, may not exhibit symptoms at all.
Acute Hepatitis B Symptoms
Symptoms of acute hepatitis B often appear 1 to 4 months after exposure and include:
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Loss of Appetite
- Abdominal Pain (especially on the right side near the liver)
- Dark Urine
- Pale or Clay-Coloured Stools
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Joint pain
Chronic Hepatitis B Symptoms
Chronic hepatitis B may not show noticeable symptoms for years. When symptoms do appear, they are often related to advanced liver damage, including:
- Persistent fatigue
- Swelling in the legs and abdomen
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating (a sign of liver encephalopathy)
Causes of Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, which spreads through:
Contact with Infected Blood or Bodily Fluids
- Unprotected Sex: With an infected person.
- Sharing Needles: Among individuals using intravenous drugs.
- Medical Procedures: Using unsterilised medical or dental instruments.
Perinatal Transmission
- Mothers with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth.
Close Contact
- Sharing personal items like razors, toothbrushes, or nail clippers with an infected individual.
How is Hepatitis B Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose hepatitis B using:
- Blood Tests
- HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen): Indicates current infection.
- Anti-HBc (Antibodies to Hepatitis B Core Antigen): Indicates past or current infection.
- Anti-HBs (Antibodies to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen): Indicates immunity.
- Liver Function Tests
- Assess the extent of liver damage.
- Imaging and Biopsy
- Ultrasounds or liver biopsies may be used to evaluate liver health in chronic cases.
Treatment for Hepatitis B
Treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic:
Acute Hepatitis B Treatment
- Supportive Care: Focuses on relieving symptoms such as nausea or fatigue.
- Hydration: To prevent dehydration, especially if vomiting is severe.
- Monitoring: Regular follow-ups to ensure recovery.
Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment
Chronic hepatitis B may require antiviral medications to prevent liver damage. These include:
- Common first-line antiviral drugs (to be prescribed by GP).
- A weekly injection used for specific cases.
- Liver Transplant: In cases of severe liver failure or cancer.
Prevention of Hepatitis B
Preventing hepatitis B is achievable through a combination of vaccination, safe practices, and awareness.
1. Hepatitis B Vaccination
The hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to prevent
the disease.
- Who Should Get Vaccinated?
- Infants and children as part of routine immunisation.
- Healthcare workers and other high-risk occupations.
- People traveling to hepatitis B-endemic regions.
- Individuals with chronic liver disease or those who use intravenous drugs.
- Vaccination Schedule:
- The vaccine is usually administered as three doses over six months.
2. Safe Practices
- Avoid sharing needles or personal items.
- Use barrier methods (like condoms) during sex.
- Ensure medical and dental procedures are conducted with sterilised equipment.
3. Screening and Testing
- Pregnant women should be screened to prevent perinatal transmission.
Regions Where Hepatitis B is Endemic
Hepatitis B is most prevalent in areas with inadequate healthcare infrastructure and high rates of mother-to-child transmission. These regions include:
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- East and Southeast Asia
- The Pacific Islands
- Parts of the Middle East
- Parts of Eastern Europe
- The Amazon Basin
Things to Do After an Incident
If you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis A, taking the following steps can help:
1. Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
The hepatitis B vaccine or hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) should be administered within 24 hours of exposure.
2. Monitor symptoms
Watch for signs like fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal pain.
3. Consult a Healthcare Provider
Blood tests may be necessary to determine your HBV status.
Why Vaccinate at Trio Pharmacy's Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton?
If you’re planning to travel to an endemic region or want to protect yourself against hepatitis B, Trio Pharmacy’s Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton is your trusted destination.
- Expert Guidance: Our trained healthcare professionals provide personalised advice tailored to your needs.
- Convenient Appointments: Flexible booking options to suit your schedule.
- Comprehensive Care: We ensure you receive the most up-to-date vaccinations and travel health information.