Hepatitis A: A Comprehensive Guide
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is a preventable disease that primarily spreads through contaminated food and water or close contact with an infected person. While it generally does not cause chronic liver disease, hepatitis A can lead to severe complications in certain cases, making awareness, prevention, and vaccination essential.
What is Hepatitis A?
Hepatitis A is a viral infection that causes inflammation and damage to the liver. Unlike other hepatitis viruses (such as hepatitis B or C), hepatitis A does not result in long-term liver damage. Most people recover fully within weeks or months, but in rare cases, it can lead to acute liver failure, particularly in older adults or individuals with pre-existing liver conditions.
Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis A
Symptoms of hepatitis A typically appear 2 to 7 weeks after exposure to the virus. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include:
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Loss of Appetite
- Abdominal Pain or Discomfort, particularly near the liver (on the right side under the ribs)
- Dark-Coloured Urine
- Pale or Clay-Coloured Stools
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Joint pain
- Itchy Skin
In some cases, particularly in young children, hepatitis A can be asymptomatic, meaning individuals may not exhibit noticeable symptoms but can still spread the virus.
Causes of Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which spreads primarily through the faecal-oral route. The virus can enter the body through:
Close Contact with an Infected Person
- Living in the same household as an infected person.
- Caring for someone with hepatitis A.
- Having sexual contact with an infected individual.
Contaminated Food or Water
- Eating raw or undercooked shellfish from polluted waters.
- Consuming food handled by an infected person who did not practice proper hygiene.
- Drinking contaminated water, especially in areas with poor sanitation.
Travelling to Endemic Regions
- Areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, such as parts of Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Middle East.
How is Hepatitis A Diagnosed?
If you suspect you have hepatitis A, a healthcare provider will typically do the following:
- Review symptoms and medical history.
- Assess your recent travel, food intake, and contact with potentially infected individuals.
- Perform blood tests.
- A specific blood test can detect antibodies (lgM & lgG) produced by the immune system in response to the hepatitis A virus.
Treatment for Hepatitis A
There is no specific antiviral treatment for hepatitis A. Instead, management focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting recovery:
- Rest
- Fatigue is a common symptom, so adequate rest is essential.
- Hydration
- Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration, especially if experiencing vomiting or diarrhoea.
- Healthy Diet
- Avoid fatty and heavy meals that may strain the liver. Opt for small, frequent meals.
- Avoid Alcohol and Certain Medications
- Alcohol and drugs processed by the liver can worsen liver damage. Consult your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking.
- Monitor Liver Function
- In severe cases, hospitalisation may be required to monitor and support liver function.
Prevention of Hepatitis A
Preventing hepatitis A involves a combination of vaccination, good hygiene, and safe food and water practices.
1. Vaccination
The hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective and provides long-lasting protection. It is recommended for:
- Children aged 12 months and older.
- Travellers to regions where hepatitis A is endemic.
- Individuals with chronic liver disease.
- People working in high-risk occupations, such as healthcare workers or food
handlers. - Men who have sex with men.
- People who use recreational drugs.
The vaccine is given as two doses, spaced 6 to 12 months apart.
2. Practice Good Hygiene
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet, changing
diapers, or before preparing and eating food. - Avoid sharing utensils, food, or drinks with others.
3. Ensure Safe Food and Water
- Drink bottled or boiled water in areas with poor sanitation.
- Avoid raw or undercooked foods, especially seafood.
- Peel fruits and vegetables yourself if eating in an unfamiliar area.
Regions Where Hepatitis A is Endemic
Hepatitis A is most prevalent in areas with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water. These include:
- Africa
- Asia, particularly South and Southeast Asia
- Central and South America
- The Middle East
- Parts of Eastern Europe
Travellers to these regions are strongly advised to receive the hepatitis A vaccine before their trip.
Things to Do After an Incident
If you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis A, taking the following steps can help:
1. Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
If administered within two weeks of exposure, the hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin (IG) can prevent the onset of symptoms.
2. Monitor symptoms
Watch for early signs such as fatigue, nausea, or jaundice, and seek medical attention promptly.
3. Avoid Spreading the Virus
Practice strict hygiene, including frequent handwashing and avoiding food preparation for others.
4. Consult a Healthcare Provider
Regular follow-up and blood tests may be needed to monitor liver function.
Why Vaccinate at Trio Pharmacy's Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton?
If you’re planning to travel to an endemic region or want to protect yourself against hepatitis A, Trio Pharmacy’s Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton is your trusted destination.
- Expert Guidance: Our trained healthcare professionals provide personalised advice tailored to your needs.
- Convenient Appointments: Flexible booking options to suit your schedule.
- Comprehensive Care: We ensure you receive the most up-to-date vaccinations and travel health information.