Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious viral disease that can have life-threatening consequences. It is primarily found in rural and agricultural regions of Asia and the Western Pacific and is considered a significant public health concern in these areas. Fortunately, vaccination and preventive measures can help protect against this potentially devastating disease.
If you’re planning to travel to regions where JE is endemic or simply looking to stay informed, this blog provides a comprehensive guide to Japanese encephalitis, its causes, symptoms, types, vaccines, and prevention methods. For residents of Shepperton and nearby areas, Trio Pharmacy’s Travel & Vaccination Clinic offers reliable and convenient Japanese encephalitis vaccination services to help safeguard your health.
What is Japanese Encephalitis?
Japanese encephalitis is a viral infection caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). This virus primarily infects animals like pigs and birds and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the Culex species.
The majority of JE infections are asymptomatic, but in severe cases, the virus can invade the brain and central nervous system, causing inflammation (encephalitis) that may result in permanent neurological damage or death.
Check if you’re at risk of Japanese encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis is not found in the UK. It’s mostly found in rural areas of Asia, but it’s rare for travellers to get it.
It’s caused by a virus which is spread through mosquito bites.
Places where Japanese encephalitis is found include parts of:
- India
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Indonesia
- Southeast Asia (such as Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam)
Causes of Japanese Encephalitis
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV):
- JEV belongs to the Flavivirus family, which also includes dengue and yellow fever viruses.
- It is transmitted to humans by mosquito bites.
- Mosquito Vectors:
- The primary carriers of the virus are Culex tritaeniorhynchusmosquitoes, which thrive in rice paddies and stagnant water.
- Reservoir Hosts:
- The virus cycles between animals like pigs and birds, which serve as reservoirs. Humans are incidental hosts and do not spread the virus further.
Signs and Symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis
Most individuals infected with JEV show no symptoms. However, in severe cases, the following symptoms may appear:
- Mild Symptoms:
- Fever
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Severe Symptoms (Appearing 5-15 Days After Infection):
- High fever
- Neck stiffness
- Vomiting
- Seizures
- Confusion or disorientation
- Loss of coordination
- Paralysis (in severe cases)
- Coma
Complications:
Severe JE can lead to long-term neurological complications, including movement disorders, behavioural changes, and intellectual impairments. The disease has a fatality rate of 20–30% in severe cases.
Types of Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis does not have distinct “types” like some other diseases, but the severity and outcome of the infection can vary. It can be categorised as:
- Asymptomatic Infection:
- Most cases fall into this category, with no visible symptoms.
- Symptomatic Infection:
- Ranges from mild febrile illness to severe neurological disease.
- Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES):
- The most severe form, involving brain inflammation and potential long-term damage.
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
A vaccine for Japanese encephalitis is recommended if you’re travelling to a part of the world where the virus is found, especially if:
- you’re staying for more than a month
- you’re staying in a rural area
- you’re staying near or visiting rice fields, wetlands, or places where pigs are kept
Vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent Japanese encephalitis. At Trio Pharmacy’s Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton, we offer the JE vaccine to provide peace of mind for travellers and at-risk individuals.
Types of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
Inactivated Vero Cell Vaccine (Ixiaro):
- This is the most widely used JE vaccine in the UK and other parts of the world.
- It is administered in two doses, spaced 28 days apart.
- Live-Attenuated Vaccine:
- Used in some countries, this vaccine is derived from a weakened form of the virus.
- It provides long-lasting immunity with fewer doses but may not be widely available.
- Combination Vaccines:
- These are experimental or region-specific and combine JE protection with other vaccines.
Side Effects of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
The JE vaccine is generally safe, but like all vaccines, it may cause mild side effects, including:
- Common Side Effects:
- Redness, swelling, or tenderness at the injection site.
- Low-grade fever.
- Muscle pain or fatigue.
- Rare Side Effects:
- Allergic reactions, such as itching, hives, or difficulty breathing.
Always inform your healthcare provider about any allergies or medical conditions before getting vaccinated.
Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis
While vaccination is the cornerstone of JE prevention, additional measures can help minimise the risk of mosquito-borne infections:
- Avoid Mosquito Bites:
- Use insect repellents containing DEET or picaridin.
- Wear long-sleeved clothing and trousers, especially at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
- Sleep under mosquito nets in high-risk areas.
- Eliminate Breeding Sites:
- Drain stagnant water around your home or accommodation.
- Stay Informed:
- Monitor travel advisories for JE-prone regions.
What to Do After a Japanese Encephalitis Incident?
If you suspect you or someone you know has contracted JE, take the following steps:
- Seek Medical Attention Immediately:
- Early diagnosis and supportive care can improve outcomes.
- Hospitalization:
- Severe cases may require intensive care, including ventilatory support and medications to control seizures.
- Inform Authorities:
- Notify local health authorities to prevent further spread of the disease.
Why Choose Trio Pharmacy’s Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton?
At Trio Pharmacy, we understand the importance of protecting your health, especially when travelling to areas where diseases like Japanese encephalitis are prevalent. Here’s why you should trust us:
- Expert Guidance:
- Our experienced pharmacists provide personalised advice and ensure you understand the benefits of JE vaccination.
- Convenient Appointments:
- We offer flexible scheduling to make getting vaccinated as easy as possible.
- Comprehensive Care:
- In addition to JE vaccines, we offer a wide range of travel vaccinations to keep you protected during your journey.
- Trusted Service in Shepperton:
- As your local Japanese encephalitis vaccination clinic, we’re committed to keeping our community healthy and safe.
Who Should Get the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine?
The JE vaccine is recommended for:
- Travellers to Endemic Regions:
- Especially those spending extended time in rural or agricultural areas.
- Expatriates:
- People relocating to JE-prone areas for work or study.
- Military Personnel:
- Those deployed to areas where JE is prevalent.
- Lab Workers:
- Individuals working with JEV in research or diagnostic labs.
Conclusion
Japanese encephalitis is a preventable but potentially devastating disease. If you’re travelling to an area where JE is endemic, vaccination is your best line of defence. At Trio Pharmacy’s Travel & Vaccination Clinic in Shepperton, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive vaccination services, including the Japanese encephalitis vaccine, to help protect you and your loved ones.
Don’t let Japanese encephalitis ruin your travel plans or compromise your health. Take proactive steps to stay protected.